Slipped Disc (Herniated Disc): Diagnosis & Treatment
Information reviewed by: Dr. Foo Gen Lin | Last updated: Oct 29, 2025
A slipped or herniated disc can cause back pain, numbness, or weakness from nerve compression. Dr Foo offers targeted evaluation and personalised care to relieve symptoms, restore function, and reduce recurrence risk.
MBBS (University of London) | MMed (Ortho) | FRCSEd (Ortho) | FAMS (Ortho)
What Is a Slipped Disc (Herniated Disc)?
A slipped disc, also known as a herniated or prolapsed disc, occurs when the soft
inner core of an intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures through a weakened or damaged
outer layer. This can irritate nearby nerves, leading to pain, numbness, or
weakness in the affected area.
Intervertebral discs are cushion-like structures located between the vertebrae of the spine.
They function as shock absorbers, providing flexibility and support while enabling smooth
spinal movement. When a disc herniates, it can press on surrounding nerves, leading to
discomfort and mobility issues.
A slipped disc most commonly occurs in the lower back (lumbar spine) but can also affect the neck (cervical spine). Depending on its severity, it can interfere with daily activities such as sitting, walking, lifting, or even sleeping, making routine tasks more difficult and affecting overall quality of life.
Slipped Disc Causes
A slipped disc can develop due to a combination of ageing, physical stress, and biomechanical factors (the way forces and movements affect the spine and surrounding structures). Common risk factors include:
- Ageing – Natural degeneration of spinal discs over time leads to loss of hydration and elasticity, making them more prone to wear and tear. Reduced blood supply and oxidative stress further accelerate this process, increasing the risk of disc herniation.
- Sedentary Lifestyle – Prolonged sitting and lack of movement weaken spinal support structures.
- Repetitive Movements – Occupational or sports-related activities involving frequent bending or heavy lifting. Repetitive strain, improper lifting techniques, and sudden movements can increase the risk of disc herniation.
- Excess Weight – Increased load on the spine adds pressure to the intervertebral discs, accelerating wear and tear and leading to a reduction in disc height.
- Trauma or Injury – Accidents, falls, or impact-related injuries can cause sudden excessive force on the spine, leading to disc tears, displacement, or herniation.
- Genetics – A family history of lumbar degenerative disc disease or connective tissue disorders may increase susceptibility to disc degeneration and herniation, with certain gene variations affecting collagen and disc structure linked to a higher risk.
Slipped Disc Symptoms
The symptoms of a slipped disc vary based on the location and severity of the condition.
Some individuals may experience no symptoms, while others may have significant pain or
neurological issues.
Common symptoms include:
- Lower Back Pain – Persistent or sharp pain in the lumbar region, sometimes radiating to the buttocks and legs.
- Neck Pain – If the herniation occurs in the cervical spine, pain may extend to the shoulders, arms, and even hands.
- Nerve Compression Symptoms – Tingling, numbness, or weakness in the arms, hands, legs, or feet due to nerve irritation.
- Sciatica – Sharp, shooting pain radiating from the lower back down one leg, often caused by compression of the sciatic nerve.
- Muscle Weakness – Reduced strength in affected muscles, leading to difficulty in gripping, lifting, or walking.
- Limited Mobility – Stiffness or discomfort that makes bending, twisting, standing, or performing daily activities challenging.
Early diagnosis and treatment of a slipped disc can help prevent worsening symptoms and long-term issues such as chronic pain, mobility limitations, or nerve damage. If you experience persistent back or neck pain, numbness, or weakness that affects daily activities, consult a spine specialist for proper evaluation and personalised treatment. How Is a Slipped Disc Diagnosed?
A slipped disc is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging tests, and neurological assessments.
- Medical History Review – Assessment of symptoms, lifestyle factors, previous injuries, and family history of spinal conditions.
- Physical Examination – Evaluation of reflexes, muscle strength, and sensation to detect nerve compression and pinpoint affected areas.
- Imaging Tests – X-rays help rule out other spinal conditions such as fractures or arthritis. MRI provides detailed images of soft tissues to detect disc herniation and nerve compression. CT scans produce cross-sectional images to assess spinal abnormalities and disc structure, especially when an MRI is not suitable.
- Nerve Conduction Studies – Measures electrical impulses in nerves to assess function and detect conduction delays. In cases of persistent numbness, weakness, or radiating pain, it helps determine the severity of nerve compression.
Slipped Disc Treatment in Singapore
Treatment for a slipped disc depends on its severity, symptoms, and how the patient responds to initial treatment. Most cases improve with a conservative approach, while surgery may be considered if symptoms persist or worsen despite non-surgical interventions.
| Treatment | Description & Purpose |
|---|---|
| Non-Surgical Management | |
| Rest and Activity Modification | Avoids strenuous activities while maintaining light physical activity to prevent stiffness and support healing. Reducing excessive strain on the spine allows the disc to recover, while gentle movements like walking or stretching help maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility. |
| Pain Management | Over-the-counter medications or prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain and swelling. Heat packs can help relax muscles, while ice packs can reduce inflammation and numb pain, helping to relieve nerve pressure and improve mobility. |
| Physiotherapy | Involves targeted exercises to strengthen core and back muscles, improving spinal stability and reducing pressure on the affected disc. Strengthening surrounding muscles helps support the spine and prevent further injury. |
| Immobilisation | Bracing or wearing a supportive device may be recommended in some cases to limit spinal movement and reduce strain on the affected disc, allowing it to heal. This is typically used for short periods to avoid muscle weakening. |
| Injection-Based Treatment | Corticosteroid injections can be administered around the irritated nerve root to reduce inflammation and swelling, providing temporary pain relief and possibly delaying surgery. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, which use concentrated platelets from the patient’s own blood, can also be used to promote healing. Nerve block injections may also be administered to disrupt pain signals. |
| Surgical Intervention | |
| Discectomy | Removes the herniated portion of the disc through a minimally invasive or open surgical approach to relieve nerve compression. This may help reduce pain, numbness, and weakness while maintaining spinal mobility. |
| Laminectomy | Removes part of the vertebra (lamina) to create space and relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. This can help alleviate pain and improve nerve function, particularly in cases of severe compression due to disc herniation. |
| Spinal Fusion | Fuses two or more vertebrae using bone grafts or implants to stabilise the spine. This is typically considered in severe cases to prevent instability and reduce the risk of recurring disc herniation. |
Herniated Disc Prevention
Preventing a slipped or herniated disc involves adopting lifestyle changes and strengthening muscles to reduce the risk of developing or recurring disc issues.
- Maintain Proper Posture – Avoid slouching and ensure good spinal alignment while sitting, standing, and walking.
- Take Breaks from Sitting – Prolonged sitting weakens and stiffens spinal structures, so stand up, stretch, and move around regularly.
- Stay Active – Engage in low-impact activities like swimming, walking, or yoga to improve spinal flexibility, promote circulation, and reduce stiffness.
- Strengthen Core Muscles – Engage in regular exercises that target the back and abdominal muscles to improve spinal support.
- Maintain Proper Lifting Technique – Bend at the knees, keep your back straight, and engage your core while lifting heavy objects. Hold the load close to your body and use your legs to push up, rather than bending or twisting your spine.
- Maintain a Healthy Weight – Reducing excess weight helps minimise strain on the lower back and spine.
When to Seek Medical Attention?
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:
- Severe or persistent pain that does not improve with rest or pain relief.
- Pain that radiates down the legs or arms, especially if it worsens over time.
- Tingling or numbness that spreads beyond the affected area, indicating possible nerve involvement.
- Progressive weakness, numbness, or loss of coordination in the arms or legs.
- Difficulty walking or standing for extended periods due to instability or weakness.
- Loss of bladder or bowel control, which may indicate cauda equina syndrome, a rare but serious condition where compressed spinal nerves disrupt bladder and bowel function, requiring urgent medical intervention.
Every patient deserves a treatment plan tailored to their needs. We start with non-surgical approaches before considering more invasive interventions.
Dr Foo Gen Lin
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
A herniated disc can range from mild to serious, depending on the degree of nerve compression and symptoms. While many cases improve with conservative treatment, severe herniation may cause significant pain, numbness, or muscle weakness that affects daily activities. In rare cases, it can compress spinal nerves and cause complications such as loss of bladder or bowel control. If you suspect a slipped disc or experience symptoms, it is advisable to consult a doctor or spine specialist for evaluation.
The term “slipped disc” in Chinese is “椎间盘突出” (zhuī jiān pán tū chū). It literally translates to “intervertebral disc protrusion,” describing the condition where the disc material bulges or herniates from its normal position and compresses nearby nerves, leading to back or neck pain, numbness, and weakness.
Yes, a slipped disc can occur in the neck, where it is known as a cervical disc herniation. It happens when the soft inner part of a disc between the neck vertebrae pushes through its outer layer, pressing on nearby nerves. This can cause neck pain radiating to the shoulders, arms, or hands, often with numbness or tingling. If you suspect a cervical disc herniation or experience symptoms that interfere with movement or daily activities, it is advisable to consult a doctor or spine specialist.
Exercises for a slipped disc typically focus on gentle stretching and strengthening to support spinal stability and reduce nerve pressure. Common examples include pelvic tilts, partial crunches, hamstring stretches, and low-impact activities such as walking or swimming. These exercises help maintain flexibility, strengthen the core and back muscles, and promote healing. Always follow the advice of your physiotherapist or orthopaedic specialist on which exercises are most appropriate for your condition.
A slipped disc may heal gradually with rest, physiotherapy, and controlled movement as inflammation subsides and the surrounding muscles strengthen to support the spine. Recovery time varies based on the severity of the herniation and individual healing capacity. Most cases improve with conservative care, though some may require injections or surgery if symptoms persist. If you suspect a slipped disc or experience ongoing pain, it is advisable to consult an orthopaedic specialist for assessment and treatment.
A slipped disc and herniated disc refer to the same condition, where the inner disc material bulges through its outer layer, often compressing nearby nerves. In contrast, a strained back involves overstretched or torn muscles or ligaments without disc displacement. While both cause back pain, a herniated disc may also produce radiating pain, numbness, or weakness due to nerve involvement, whereas a muscle strain typically causes local pain and stiffness.
A slipped disc typically causes sharp, aching, or burning pain in the back or neck, which may radiate to the arms or legs if a nerve is compressed. Tingling, numbness, or muscle weakness may also occur in the affected area. Pain often worsens with movement, coughing, or prolonged sitting and can limit mobility or daily function. If you suspect a slipped disc or have persistent pain, it is advisable to seek medical evaluation for a proper diagnosis.
Running with a slipped disc is generally not recommended during the acute phase, as repetitive impact can worsen pain or nerve irritation. Once symptoms improve, light activity under professional guidance may be reintroduced gradually to rebuild strength and stability. The ability to resume running depends on the severity of the herniation and overall recovery. Always follow the advice of your physiotherapist or orthopaedic specialist before restarting high-impact exercise.
A slipped disc is detected through a combination of symptom assessment, physical examination, and imaging tests. Common signs include back or neck pain radiating to the limbs, numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness. Movement and reflex tests may be performed to assess nerve involvement, followed by imaging such as MRI or CT scans for confirmation. If you experience persistent back pain or neurological symptoms, it is advisable to consult a doctor or spine specialist for proper diagnosis.
Poor posture can contribute to a herniated disc over time by placing uneven pressure on the spine and weakening the intervertebral discs. Slouching, prolonged sitting, or improper lifting techniques increase mechanical stress, leading to disc strain or degeneration. While posture alone may not directly cause herniation, it is a key risk factor that can worsen existing spinal issues. Maintaining proper posture helps reduce unnecessary strain on the spine.
A back brace can help relieve symptoms of a herniated disc by limiting excessive spinal movement and providing temporary support to reduce strain on the affected area. It may help improve comfort during acute pain or while performing certain activities. However, prolonged use can weaken core muscles, so it should be used only as part of a short-term management plan. Always follow the advice of your doctor or spine specialist regarding brace use.
Yes, a herniated disc in the lower back can cause leg cramps or knee pain when the bulging disc compresses the nerves that supply the lower limbs. This nerve irritation, often linked to sciatica, may result in shooting pain, numbness, or muscle weakness along the leg. The severity and location of symptoms depend on which spinal level is affected. If leg or knee pain persists, it is advisable to consult an orthopaedic specialist for diagnosis and management.
A herniated disc can often heal on its own as inflammation decreases and the body gradually reabsorbs the displaced disc material. Signs of healing include reduced pain, numbness, or weakness and improved mobility. While many people recover fully from symptoms, complete healing of the disc structure is uncommon. Recovery time varies depending on severity and location. If symptoms persist or worsen, it is advisable to consult a spine specialist for assessment.
Sleeping with a herniated disc involves maintaining spinal alignment and minimising pressure on the affected area. Lying on your back with a pillow under the knees or on your side with a pillow between the knees can help relieve nerve compression. A supportive mattress and pillow are essential to maintain posture, while stomach sleeping should be avoided as it strains the spine. It is best to consult your doctor or spine specialist for advice on suitable sleeping positions.
A herniated disc can improve significantly, though complete reversal of the bulge is uncommon. Most individuals recover fully from symptoms through non-surgical treatments such as physiotherapy, medication, and targeted exercise. In some cases, surgery may be needed for long-term relief if nerve compression continues. After recovery, maintaining good posture and core strength helps prevent recurrence. It is best to discuss expected recovery with your doctor or orthopaedic specialist.
A herniated disc is not always permanent and can improve with time and proper management. Most individuals recover without long-term complications through conservative treatment and lifestyle changes. However, in some cases, residual disc degeneration or mild symptoms may remain. Preventive measures such as regular exercise, good posture, and weight control help reduce recurrence risk and maintain spinal health over the long term.
The fastest recovery from a herniated disc involves a balanced approach of rest, physiotherapy, pain management, and controlled physical activity. Gentle movement helps prevent stiffness and improve circulation, while targeted exercises strengthen the back and core to support healing. In some cases, corticosteroid injections may reduce inflammation for short-term relief. Consistent rehabilitation and following your spine specialist’s or physiotherapist’s guidance are essential for smooth and effective recovery.
Both sitting and walking are generally acceptable with a herniated disc if done correctly. Prolonged sitting increases spinal pressure, so maintaining good posture and taking regular breaks is important. Walking, being a low-impact activity, can help reduce stiffness and promote circulation. However, the ability to tolerate these activities depends on the severity of symptoms. It is best to consult your doctor or spine specialist for personalised guidance on suitable activity levels.
Massage can provide temporary relief from muscle tension associated with a slipped disc but should be performed cautiously by trained professionals. Deep pressure on the spine itself may worsen nerve compression or inflammation. Gentle techniques that relax surrounding muscles and improve blood flow can complement other treatments like physiotherapy. The suitability of massage depends on the extent of injury, and it is advisable to consult your doctor or spine specialist on whether it is appropriate for your condition before proceeding.